Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Case Study on Cholecystectomy for Pathophysiology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCase Study on Cholecystectomy for Pathophysiology. Answer: Introduction This report aims to critically analyze the case study of Mrs. Beryl Hayes, who has been admitted to the ward for a laproscopic cholecystectomy. Beryl has undergone a surgery and is now still in the hospital. She has not been discharged from the hospital as no improvement is seen in her condition, and already 3 days had already passed by after the surgery. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is usually done to remove the gall stones from the gall bladder. This process involves two methods- Open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholcystectomy. This report has focused on the laparoscopic method as per the given case study. This report will be discussing about the physiology and the pathophysiology of her conditions. Assessment has been done depending on the evidence based practice. The latter part of the discussion also throws light upon the type of care that has to be provided to the patient. The report also discusses about the discharge plan that has to be prepared for the patient and help him to return to his daily activities with ease. Discussion Pathophysiology Laparoscopic cholesystectomy is usually done to remove the gall bladder. It is usually done it patients, who have developed stones or infections in the gall bladder. Normally after a cholecystectomy, a person is unable to go home, the same day, but is generally discharged after a one night stay. Post operative complications may arise which can extend the stay in the hospital. A gallstone normally consists of bile saturated with cholesterol. The hypersaturation is caused due to the greater percentage of the cholesterol concentration than its solubility. This is mainly caused due to the hypersecreation of the cholesterol metabolism (Stinton and Shaffer. 2012). Loss of balance between the crystallization promoting proteins and crystallization inhibiting proteins, leads to the formation of the cholesterol crystals with bile (Joseph et al. 2012). Mucin is a glycoprotein that is secreted by the bilary epithelial cells, which has been documented by a pronucleating protein. The lessened degradation of mucin by the lysosomal enzymes is found to be responsible for the formation of the cholesterol crystals (Reshetnyak. 2012). The Loss of motility of the gall bladder muscular wall and excessive contraction of thee sphincter is also responsible for the formation of gall bladder crystals. The hypo motility of the muscular walls generates bilestasis for an extended peri od of time, including a lessened reservoir function. As the bile cannot flow, it leads to the accumulation of bile and a higher chance of stone formation. Improper filling and a higher percentage of hepatic bile diverted from the gall bladder to the bile duct can be caused due to the hypomotility (Pasternak et al. 2013). Sometimes Gallstones are made up of bilirubin. It is a chemical that is produced due to the breakdown of the red blood cells. Infection in the bile tract and an increased level of enterohepatic cycle of bilirubin can lead to the formation of bilirubin stone formation. Bilirubin stones are often called as the pigmented stones (Joseph et al. 2012). As the pressure on the gall bladder increases, the organ becomes larger in size, the blood supply decreases and repeated inflammation leads to acute cholecystitis. Cholecystitis may also give rise to gall stone pancreatitis which is a life threatening condition (Joseph et al. 2012). Sometimes the gall blader can be infected with microorganisms. An inflamed gallbladder can lead to gas gangerene and suffer from necrosis, which can ultimately lead to sepsis (Joseph et al. 2012). Patient assessment It is required to assess the secondary body function after the surgery, which includes a head to toe format. Any problem in any of this assessment may lead to adverse conditions. CNS- acute cholecystitis can lead to anoxic brain injury. With the severity of the condition it can lead to an elevated brain natriuretic peptide level. CVS Color- straw colored urination. Normally, the T-tube may drain up to 500 mL in the first 24 hours after surgery; drainage decreases to less than 200 mL in 2 or 3 days, and is minimal thereafter. Drainage may be tinged with blood initially, which can change to brown. Excessive drainage immediately (after 48 hours, drainage greater than 500 mL is considered excessive). Pulse- 125 (elevated pulse rate), which can be due to the trauma and fear for the pain post surgery. Blood pressure- 110/60, which signifies her blood pressure quite normal. Respiratory rate- 26, which is the standard RR for elderly patients like Ms Beryl. Chest pain- No chest pain had been reported, although patients might have chest pain due to aspiration and the respiratiory distresses in elderly patient like Ms .beryl. Cap refill- Prolonged cap refill time. A prolonged cap refill time in patient may signify shock and decreased rate of peripheral perfusion. Prolonged cap refill time may indicate peripheral artery disease. Abdominal- Abdominal muscles may ache, flatulent, bloating. Continuous bile flow in the upper intestinal tract can lead to esophagitis and gastritis. Diarrhea and colicky lower abdominal pain may result (Marker et al. 2012). Renal condition- No change has been observed in the arterial blood flow and the renal blood flow. If proper assessment is not done then acute renal failure may occur following laparoscopic surgery. Skin- The patient might experience severe itching; she will have three incisions in her stomach, skin remains itchy and dry. The wound must be kept clean and dry to prevent any infection. Regular dressing is required to avoid any infections. Infections may lead to fever and can increase the risks especially in the elderly patients (Kortram et al. 2012). Social/ family- A proper post operative care by the family can help to bring down the complications. The post operative period requires care as the patient cannot do intensive activities on her own, so it is important to provide him with support. Extensive physical exercise is not permitted as it can increase the complications. Prioritization of care Doctors are not responsible for the post operative care that has to be provided after cholecystectomy (Philibert, Nasca, Brigham and Shapiro. 2013). Nursing plans- To monitor effective breathing patterns- Breathing patterns may be ineffective, this can be due to pain, muscular impairment. The patient sometimes suffers from Tachypnea, holding breath. It is essential to observe the ausculate breath sounds, respiratory depths, to show how to splint incision to the patient. The patient should be provided support in the abdomen while coughing. To observe the color and the characteristics of the discharge- changing of the dressings when required, to change dressings, application of montegomery straps, proper disposal of the ostomy bags (cubas et al. 2012). Checking of the T- tubes and incisional drains, note the consistency and color of the stool, maintenance of the T tube in a closed collection system to prevent skin irritation and reduce the risk of contamination, sufficient tubing should be allowed to permit free turning facility (Yokoe et al. 2012). The vital signs should be monitored, mucous membrane should be assessed, signs of bleeding should be observed. The IQ, including the drainage frm the NG tube and the wound should be assessed properly. All the laboratory signs should be monitored properly (Doenges, Moorhouse and Murr. 2014). Post operative pain can be assessed and monitored and painkillers can be given consulting with the physician. Opoids can be given for moderate to severe pains. Fir the patients who have a high risk in pulmonary disease epidural LA and the opoids in combination can be administered (Bercy et al. 2013). Should check the risk of aspirations- Before any surgery, general anesthesia is used. It relaxes the muscles of the body and suppresses the sensation of pain. It can lead to aspiration as the person does not remain conscious to swallow or gag. Should help the patient to move and take measures against unintentional falls in elderly patients (Bercy et al. 2013). It should be kept in mind that the presence of the surgical incisions may lead to increased pain due to movement; therefore the patient becomes reluctant to any movement. Thus the patient should be encouraged to make movements. Several other factors are also there that has to be monitored. Discharge Plan Prescribe pain medicine- Application of the NSAIDs, to decrease the swelling and the pain, stool softener or laxatives to avoid constipation, iron tonics. It should be kept in mind that the NSAIDs can cause kidney problems or bleeding in the stomach, so a doctor should always be consulted with (Regimbeau et al. 2014). Surgical wounds should be looked upon carefully; the wounds should be kept dry and clean. Shower is permitted after 24 hours from the surgery. Easily digestible food has to be taken followed by enough fluids. Low fat foods should be consumed for about a month, as the gall bladder had a part in the digestion of the fat, so the body needs to be given some time to digest fat without the gall bladder (Dumphy et al. 2015). Plenty of liquids should be taken to prevent dehydration and to facilitate proper bowel movement and to prevent constipation. Avoid intense exercises or activities post operation. Need to provide a follow up within next two weeks from the surgery. Contact the healthcare provider if one has got fever, nausea, pain which is not relieved by the medicines, one has a sign of redness or welling around the incision or blood or puss is leaking out of the incision, having constant constipation or diarrhea, a doctor should also be contacted with if signs of vomiting persists, bowel movements are pale or black or bloody (Naoman et al. 2013). A medical help is also needed if the person is coughing up blood, feeling lightheadedness, having chest pain or the arms and the legs are feeling warm, tender and painful. Return to work is only permitted as soon as the pain is controlled and one feels comfortable to go outside. For some it is 5-7 days after the surgery (Philbert et al. 2013). Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has decreased the risks of the open surgery and can be managed easily with a proper management and a proper discharge plan. It has become the preferred treatment for cholecystitis. Laparoscopic method reduces the risk of surgery and helps the person to return back to its normal activity within a very small time, unlike open surgery. In spite of that patients often encounter with problem which can be avoided by providing proper medications and holistic care approach. Proper assessment of the patient, monitoring if the signs and symptoms and providing proper pharmacological and evidence based nursing care can bring about improvement in the deteriorating condition of the patient. From this report it can be understood what interventions can be done for Mr. Beryl to improve her conditions. References Berci, G., Hunter, J., Morgenstern, L., Arregui, M., Brunt, M., Carroll, B., Edye, M., Fermelia, D., Ferzli, G., Greene, F. and Petelin, J., 2013. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: first, do no harm; second, take care of bile duct stones. 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